Underpinning much of modern technology, from smartphones to scanning tunneling microscopes to particle colliders, is Fermi's Golden Rule. Named for 20th-century Italian American physicist Enrico Fermi (but actually discovered by British physicist Paul Dirac), the rule is a formula that connects what can be measured in an experiment—such as how fast atoms "jump" between energy states—to the microscopic properties of a quantum mechanical system. The formula is taught in every undergraduate quantum physics class. ...read more read less