SEPTEMBER 25 1861—The Secretary of the Navy authorizes the en­listment of free Blacks and slaves as Union sailors in a bid to help the North win the Civil War against pro-slavery South­ern Whites who had proven more difficult in battle than the North had originally expected. 1962—In another one of those instances demonstrating the tenacity of racism among Southern Whites, Mississippi Gov. Ross Barnett defies a fed­eral court order and personally stands in the door to block the admittance of a Black student— James Meredith—to the Uni­versity of Mississippi. Meredith would eventually be admitted and graduate. Historians now generally believe Ross’ “show” was primarily designed to curry favor among White voters not actually to stop desegregation of the then-all-White university. SEPTEMBER 26 1867—Maggie L. Walker is born. She would become the most prominent Black busi­nesswoman in the Richmond, Va., area and one of the wealth­iest Black women in the nation. She also became the first Black woman to establish a bank in the nation. A social activist, she would help establish the Lilly Black political party in part as a slap at the “Lilly White” polit­ical parties of the day. 1907—The People’s Savings Bank is incorporated in Phil­adelphia by one of the na­tion’s early Black Congress­man George H. White. White had been pretty much forced out of Congress as Jim Crow laws led to the increasing dis­enfranchisement of Black vot­ers after Reconstruction. After leaving Congress, he turned his attention to Black eco­nomic advancement. His bank helped thousands of Blacks buy homes. 1929—Ida Stephens Owens is born. She would become the nation’s first Black female bio-chemist. She received her Ph.D from Duke University in 1967, making her one of the first two African Americans to receive a doctorate from the school. She spent her career at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), where she worked from 1968 to 2017 and pioneered the study of the genetics of human diseases and drug metabolism. 1937—Blues great Bessie Smith dies of injuries sus­tained in an automobile acci­dent near Clarksdale, Miss. Ru­mors spread that White medics refused to treat her. However, later information did cast doubt on the accuracy of those ru­mors. SEPTEMBER 27 1817—Hiram R. Revels is born free in Fayetteville, N.C. Rev­els becomes the first Black to serve in the United States Sen­ate shortly after the Civil War. 1876—Edward Mitchell Ban­nister upsets racist Whites who believe Blacks have no artistic skill by winning a bronze medal for a painting he displayed at the American Centennial Expo­sition in Philadelphia. 1950—Gwendolyn Brooks is awarded Pulitzer Prize for her book of poetry—“Annie Allen.” She was the first Black so hon­ored. Brooks published her first poem in a children’s mag­azine, “American Childhood,” when she was 13 years old. By the time she was 16, she had compiled a portfolio of around 75 published poems and had her work critiqued by poet and novelist James Weldon John­son. At 17, she started submit­ting her work to “Lights and Shadows,” the poetry column of the Chicago Defender, an African American newspaper. Her poems, many published while she attended Wilson Ju­nior College, ranged in style from traditional ballads and sonnets to poems using blues rhythms in free verse. 1950—Ralph J. Bunch is awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work in mediating a con­flict between Palestinians and the newly established Jewish state of Israel. Arabs had gone to war arguing the Jewish state had been established on land which rightfully belonged to the Palestinians. SEPTEMBER 28 1785—Abolitionist and writer David Walker is born. Walker is best known for his powerful anti-slavery pamphlet “David Walker’s Appeal.” The “Appeal” was published on this same day in 1829. 1833—Reverend Lemuel Haynes dies at 88. He was one of the leading Black veterans of America’s war for indepen­dence from England. 1868—The Opelousas Mas­sacre occurs. Racist Whites launch a terror campaign in St. Landry Parrish, La., resulting in the deaths of at least 200 Blacks. 1895—The National Baptist Convention is founded. 1991—Jazz Trumpeter Miles Davis dies in Santa Monica, Calif., of a stroke. He was 65. SEPTEMBER 29 1784—First African American Masonic lodge is established by Prince Hall. Hall headed lodge number 459 and was referred to as the “Worship­ful Master.” He would also be­come a leading figure in the struggle for African Americans rights during this early period in U.S. history. 1940—The first U.S. merchant ship commanded by a Black captain—Hugh Mulzac—is launched in Wilmington, Del. The ship is named the “Booker T. Washington.” 1962—President John F. Kennedy finally sends federal troops to force the integration of the University of Mississippi. 1975—The nation’s first Black-owned television station— WGPR—begins broadcasting in Detroit on Sept. 29, 1975. The date will always be remembered as the point in time when WGPR-TV 62 debuted as the first Black-owned and operated television station in the United States. 1979—William Arthur Lewis, economics professor at Princ­eton University, becomes the first Black to receive a Nobel Prize in Economics. 2001—Mabel Fairbanks dies at 85. She was the first Black woman to be inducted into the Figure Skating Hall of Fame. She coached Olympic greats Tai Babilonia and Randy Gard­ner. OCTOBER 1 1841—Fannie M. Richards is born. She becomes one of the nation’s early civil rights advo­cates as well as a prominent educator. She created the first kindergarten program in Michigan, and for that was inducted into the Michigan Women’s Hall of Fame. She also protested against the segregation of Detroit Public Schools. 1868—John Mercer Langston (1829-1897) organizes the na­tion’s first Black law school at Howard University in Wash­ington, D.C. Largely forgotten today, Langston was a major Black political figure during his day. He was one of the nation’s first African American lawyers, elected political officials and he influenced Black educa­tion throughout the country. The town of Langston, Okla., is named in his honor. 1872—Morgan State College is founded in Maryland. Walter Francis White 1937—The NAACP awards the prestigious Spingarn Med­al to Walter White for his work against lynching. The light com­plexioned White had “passed for White” to gather evidence against terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan. 1960—Africa’s most popu­lous nation-Nigeria-declares its independence from colo­nial rule. 1966—The militant Black Panther Party is founded in Oakland, Calif., by Huey New­ton and Bobby Seale. 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